00:34 Malek ben hammouda 0 commentaires
  About this guide
      If this is your first time coming across the online Forex market, then you’ve come to the right place.
     This guide will provide you with the basic knowledge, tools and techniques a novice Forex
   trader should have as you take your first steps in the fascinating world of Forex. Many of the trading                                      concepts introduced here are explained in greater detail in later chapters of the guide. If you  unclear
    about any Forex term you come across here, be sure to refer to the

    Intro: Why Forex?
   If you are reading this guide, you have most likely taken some sort of interest in
    the Forex market. But what does the Forex market have to offer you?
   Accessibility – It’s no wonder that the Forex market has the trading
   volume of 3 trillion a day ‐ all anyone needs to take part in the action is a
   computer with an internet connection.
   24 Hour Market ‐ The Forex market is open 24 hours a day, so that you can
   be right there trading whenever you hear a financial scoop. No need to
   bite your fingernails waiting for the opening bell.
   Narrow Focus – Unlike the stock market, a smaller market with tens of
  thousands of stocks to choose from, the Forex market revolves around
   more or less eight major currencies. A narrow choice means no rooms for
   confusion, so even though the market is huge, it’s quite easy to get a clear
   picture of what’s happening.
   Liquidity ‐ The foreign exchange market is the largest financial market in
   the world with a daily turnover of just over $3 trillion! Now apart from
   being a really cool statistic, the sheer massive scope of the Forex market is
   also one of its biggest advantages. The enormous volume of daily trades
   makes it the most liquid market in the world, which basically means that
   under normal market conditions you can buy and sell currency as you
   please. You can never be in a jam for currency to buy or stuck with
   currency that you can’t unload.
   The Market Can’t Be Cornered ‐ The colossal size of the Forex market also
   makes sure that no one can corner the market. Even banks don’t have
  enough pull to really control the market for a long                                                                                                       period of time, which
  makes it a great place for the little guy to make a            move.

   Profitability
  It doesn’t take a financial genius to figure out that    the biggest attraction of any
  market, or any financial venture for that matter, is   the opportunity of profit. In the
   Forex market, profitability is expressed in a number      of ways.
   First of all, just to set the record straight, you don’t      have to be a millionaire to
   trade Forex. Unlike most financial markets, the Forex market allows you to start
   trading with relatively low initial capital. At eToro, you can start trading Forex with
    as little as $25!
   Right about now you’re probably asking yourself: “What chance do I have of
   profiting with such a low initial investment?” The Forex market doesn’t require
   large initial investments because it allows you to use leveraged trading. Leveraged
   trading lets you open positions for tens of thousands of dollars while investing
   sums as small as $25. This means that Forex trading has the profit (and loss)
   potential of tens and even hundreds of percent a day!
   What is also unique about the Forex market is that any sort of movement is an
   opportunity to trade. Whether a currency is crashing or soaring, there is always
   room for speculation, since you always have the option of buying or selling the
   currency of your choice. Unlike the stock market, you are not limited to
   speculating on rising stocks, and a falling market is just as good for business as a
   rising market.
   Having said all that, it is important to remember that as profitable as the Forex  
   market is, it still carries all the risks involved with financial trading. You should
   always be aware of the risk, and never risk money that you can’t afford to lose.

   Cashing in on Price Movements
   Trading Forex is exciting business. The market is always on the move, and every
    tiny shift in currency rates can mean profits and losses of hundreds and even
    thousands of dollars!
    Let’s demonstrate how that can happen:
    In general, the eight most traded currencies on the Forex market are:

    Forex trading is always done in pairs, since any trade involves the simultaneous
    buying of a currency and selling of another currency. The trading revolves around
    18 main currency pairs. 

   OK, but where’s the opportunity for profit? 
   The currency pair rates are volatile and constantly changing.
   One way to profit is by buying a pair, then selling it at a higher rate.
  The second way is by selling the pair, then buying it at a lower rate
   The Trend is Your Friend
   Trend analysis is based on the idea that what has happened in the past gives
   traders an idea of what will happen in the future.
    Although this may seem pretty basic, being able to identify when a pair is in a
    trend and when it isn't will help you to increase your chances to profit
    consistently in the Forex market.
    When you can identify a trend, you can estimate what direction the rate of a
     currency pair is going to go in. You should exploit the direction of the trend you
    identify by placing a trade in that direction.
   If it’s an uptrend, meaning that the rate is increasing, buying the currency pair will
    give you a better probability for profit. If it’s a downtrend, meaning that the rate
    is decreasing, selling the currency pair will give you a better chance of making
    money.
   How do I identify a trend? What are the characteristics of a trend?
   The simplest way to identify a trend is through the distinct patterns that the price
    forms. These can tell you if the market is moving in an uptrend or downtrend.
    Identifying a Forex Trend
    When a trend is taking place in a Forex pair, the price movements start to form
     peaks and valleys in the chart of that pair, which are easily identified.
     In an uptrend, the price movements form a series of higher peaks and higher
    valleys.
    (Higher Highs and Higher Lows.)
    Since a picture’s worth a thousand words, lets look at the following chart:
    This chart suggests that the trader    should buy the currency pair (and close   the
    trade by selling at profit after the rate rises).
    It is easier to make predictions with a trend than with a trading range. While you
    can still profit in trading ranges, you have to be more nimble on your feet, and
    ready to jump in and out of the markets at all times. Needless to say, this makes
    the trader’s life a lot tougher and the risk for loss greater.
    Trading ranges can be really messy and unpredictable, which is why you should
    always look for trading trends. It’s a good idea to stay out all together during a
    range, and get back in only when the markets start to trend again.
   As a general strategy, it is best to trade with the trend rather than against it,
   meaning that if the general trend of the market is headed up, you should be very
   cautious about taking any positions that rely on the trend going in the opposite
   direction.
   BASIC FOREX TRADING GUIDE 
  The trend spotting strategy assumes that the present direction of the price rate
   will continue into the future. It can be used in three main time‐frames: short,
   intermediate and long‐term, with the trends being different for each.
    For example, here’s a possible scenario in the Forex market:
    Over the last 12 months the trend for the EUR/USD is an uptrend, over the last 30
     days the trend is a downtrend, and over the last 24 Hours (intra‐day) trend is an
     uptrend.
    Regardless of the chosen time frame, traders will remain in their position until
    they believe the trend has reversed.
   So the goal is to spot a trend that you believe in and trade according to it.
   Needless to say, you will need to monitor the trade, in case you were mistaken
    and the trend vanishes or reverses. Then it's time to cut your losses by closing the
    losing trade or by reversing ‐ closing the trade and opening a following, opposite trade
    Tactical usage of Leverage
    If you’ve been at all exposed to the world of Forex you’ve probably heard the
    word “Leverage” being tossed around. But what exactly is “Leverage”?
    Leverage is a very important part of Forex trading, and it’s critical that you know
    exactly how it works and how to use it. It is the term Forex traders use to refer to
    the ratio of invested amount related to the trade's actual value.
    Forex brokers usually provide their customers with the option to trade on
    borrowed capital, so that traders don’t have to invest tens of thousands of dollars
    for the chance to make any real profit. When you trade at a leverage of 1:100, or
    X100, it means that for every $1 that you invest in the market, the broker invests
     $100. As a result, you can control an amount of $10,000 by investing $100. eToro
     provides traders with the opportunity of trading at up to 1:400 leverage.
    It probably won’t surprise you when we say that with greater opportunity for
     profit comes greater risk. Just like slight fluctuations in currency rates can make
    you significant amounts of money, it can also cause you to lose your money very
    quickly. The higher the leverage, the larger the profit that you stand to make and
    the quicker you might lose your investment. A leverage of 1:400 can make you     
     more money than a leverage of 1:100, but it also puts your initial investment at
     more risk.
     If you trade with a leverage of 1:100 the market would have to move 100 pips
     against you for your position to be wiped out. On the other hand, if you trade with
     a leverage of 1:400 the market would only have to move 25 points against you for
     your position to be wiped out.
    We recommend first opening a position with a low 1:100 Leverage, and only once
    you see that you’ve hit a strong trend, consider opening one with a 1:400
    leverage.
   The Ratio between Minimal Lot Size, Trade Size and Leverage
    Fundamentally, the minimal lot size for a trade is $10,000, thus the leverage



   limitations are set according to the amount you choose to trade
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ELECTRONIC COMMERCE FOR BUYERS AND SELLERS

00:13 Malek ben hammouda 0 commentaires
The 22 million United States Government
purchase transactions each year present a market
opportunity within a new wave of technology
enabled trade, broadly defined as “Electronic
Commerce” (EC). Our vision is that, by the year
2001, all Federal agencies will support their
programs by making available customer-friendly
electronic purchasing tools integrated with end-toend
commercial electronic processing of payment, accounting and performance reporting information. In an
electronic environment, selling to the government will be simpler. Sellers of products and services will
enjoy easier access to market opportunities. Sellers will not have to disrupt existing and developing
commercial relationships for purchasing and payment support services. Within the government, buyers
should find buying simpler, faster and easier.
Turning the potential of EC into reality requires that sellers, service providers, and government buyers
see a strong business case for making investments in
EC development, operations and continuous
improvement. The Federal market can be viewed in
segments organized by such attributes as size of
purchase, frequency of purchase and buying technique
employed. Viewing market segments this way can
help both the government and private sector assess the
business case and rank order investments in EC for
each market segment.
This strategy -- based on building a business case for both buyers and sellers -- presumes program
managers will rely upon cost effective commercial ordering and payment transaction processing services for
high-volume activity. Government-unique EC systems will be developed only as a last resort for low
transaction volume activity, where industry has not
invested in platforms to provide commercial services.
Seven policy principles -- based on stakeholder
needs and driving forces in the environment -- will
guide EC investment. These principles will be used to
promote investment in EC projects that support
commercial service, market-based EC development policies. In the transition to EC, Federal agencies
should: (1) make the buying and paying process easier and more efficient; (2) facilitate best value buying
and paying; (3) take advantage of proven commercial applications; (4) outsource transaction processing;
(5) assign financial liability based on ability to manage risk; (6) monitor investments for return; and (7)
manage the change process.
The Electronic Processes Initiatives Committee (EPIC) of the President’s Management Council (PMC)
will provide leadership across organizational boundaries so that coordinated Federal EC work activities can
proceed along three related tracks: (1) fostering partnerships within the Federal Government, with states and
with the private sector during 1998; (2) reengineering and integrating buying for high-volume purchases with

end-to end ordering and payment processing through the use of purchase cards tied to payment utilities
and electronic catalogs by 2000; and (3) reeingineering additional buying and paying functions by 2001.
This vision is intended to capitalize on the common interests of buyers, sellers, information technology
providers and financial service providers by rapidly pursuing the largest segment of transactions. From
this base of operations, work will proceed to expand the list of buying and related paying functions that
can be performed by electronic means.
A number of building blocks will be required in order to achieve the EC goals and objectives in
this plan. The premise behind the building blocks is that the foundation of large-scale EC will be
commercial services. The building blocks include: expanding use of electronic catalogs, payment utility
services, services to authenticate buyers and sellers on the Internet, use of commercial software for
contract formation and administration, contract writing systems, Federal systems interfaces, and a
coordinated change management process. As efforts progress, the change management process will
include consideration to proposing additional legislation that would further facilitate the effective use of
EC. A general time table and list of responsibilities is presented in the migration path from current
operations to our future vision
Federal and Private Sector Partnerships
EC FOR BUYERS AND SELLERS
Building Blocks Federal System Interfaces Contract Formation/
Administration Payment Utilities
 ID and Authentication End-to-End
Processing Buying and











Paying Functions
Additional Prototype(s)
Commerical Prototypes for High
Volume End-to-End Transaction
Processing and Decision-Support
Agency Prototypes to Enhance
Buying and Paying Processing
and Decision Functions
Integrated Electronic Commerce
Change  Management Electronic
Catalogs Contract Writing Systems
Electronic Commerce for Buyers and Sellers Page 8
1. SCOPE AND VISION
For much of the last decade, the United States Government and its trading partners have been
simplifying their business practices. Reengineering efforts have focused on streamlining many of the
steps involved in conducting competitions and processing transactions to support buying and paying
activities, e.g., notifying, ordering, receiving, and reconciling. The advent of Internet communications,
dramatic increases in the capability of commercial software, and the increasing availability of commercial
transaction processing services have raised expectations for a new wave of technology-enabled trade,
broadly defined as “Electronic Commerce” (EC). Few now doubt the potential of EC-related technology
to improve government buying and paying on a large scale.
Today, some aspects of the buying and paying process can be completed in cyberspace, using the
Internet. Over the next several years, the government should obtain the capacity to buy and pay for its
goods and services electronically by taking advantage of the growing Internet and other technologies
whenever a business case is made. Our vision is that, by the year 2001, all Federal agencies will
support their programs by making available customer friendly electronic purchasing tools
integrated with end-to-end commercial electronic processing of payment, accounting and
performance reporting information.
The 22 million government purchases from the private sector each year (worth over $200 billion) is
a sufficiently large business opportunity to attract the interest of sellers of products and services as well as
technology and financial service providers. Another 10 million in transfers among Federal entities each
year (worth $450 billion) adds to the market. To turn the potential of EC into reality requires that sellers,
service providers, and government buyers see a strong business case for making investments into EC
development, operations and continuous improvement.
In an electronic environment, sellers of products and services should have easier access to specific
market opportunities. They should find selling to the government simpler, without the need to interrupt
existing and developing commercial relationships for purchasing and payment support services. Within
the government, buyers (i.e., contracting officers
and end users with buying authority) should find
buying simpler, faster and easier. EC systems
should help buyers improve their assessment of
market capabilities, increase their access to
competition, better evaluate sellers, and more
effectively administer contracts.
The Federal market can be viewed in segments organized by such attributes as size and frequency
of purchase and buying technique employed. Looking at its market in these segments can help
government assess the business case and rank order its EC investments. The pace of electronic commerce
expansion then can be more finely tuned to the strength of the business case for each market segment.
This strategy -- based on building a business case for both buyers and sellers -- presumes that program
managers will rely upon cost-effective commercial ordering and payment transaction processing services
for high-volume activity. Government-unique EC systems will be developed only as a last resort for lowvolume
activity, where industry has not invested in platforms to provide commercial services. Where
government systems are required, commercial “off-the-shelf” software will be used wherever government
processes can be accommodated by existing software.
EC Strategy Framework

To foster Federal EC partnerships, the PMC -- comprised of cabinet agency chief operating officers
-- provides a forum for coordinating EC development activity across the Federal acquisition,
finance and information technology communities.
To foster Federal EC partnerships with States, starting immediately, Federal Chief Financial
Officers (CFOs), Chief Information Officers (CIOs), and Senior Procurement Executives involved
in Federal EC projects will work with their State counterparts to identify and capitalize on areas of
common interest.
To foster commercial EC partnerships, senior Federal staff will participate actively in public forums
with the broad range of private sector associations involved in EC services, in order to build and
maintain open communications on EC development topics.
 REENGINEER AND INTEGRATE HIGH-VOLUME SERVICES END-TO END
Strategic Positions
A. Enhance Purchase Card Use -- Enable Buyers in All Agencies to use Purchase Cards for 90%
of Internet and other High-Volume, Low-Dollar Purchasing with Transparent End-to-End Back
Room Processing by the Year 2000.
B. Develop and Expand Streamlined Catalog Ordering -- Provide EC tools in All Agencies so that
(a) Buyers have Easy, Internet Access to Catalogs with Transparent End-to-End Back-Room
Processing and (b) Indefinite-Delivery, Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) Contracts are Available Online
to All who Qualify to Order by the Year 2000.
Micro-purchases and orders under $25,000 from IDIQ contracts or schedules could account for up
to 85 percent of the total number of Federal transactions. These market segments, micro-purchases
and orders under $25,000 from IDIQ contracts or schedules, appear poised for rapid EC roll-out.
Purchase cards can be used for micro-purchases, i.e., those transactions under $2,500, which
account for more than 60 percent of the Federal Government’s annual purchase transaction volume.
Buyers can use their accounts, in many cases tied to a purchase card, for electronic catalog
shopping on virtual malls to obtain best value for micro-purchases as well as higher cost goods and
services at pre-negotiated prices and conditions. The business case to industry for these
technologies may include transactions from other markets, e.g., travel, other-than-Federal
customers, training, etc.
Beginning in 1998, all agencies will be able to choose from among several card issuers and aquirers
offering purchase, travel, fleet and related services supporting, integrated electronic commerce, e.g.,
intra-governmental transfers, multi-application smart cards and electronic catalogs. These card
issuers are part of consortia -- or payment utilities -- that can provide end-to-end, ordering and
payment transaction processing.
The structure and array of EC support service choices provided through payment utilities allows
agencies to migrate to EC based on the readiness of their legacy systems and their current
organizational capacity to manage change. Central buying agencies and other agencies which host
electronic malls, agencies with large transaction volumes, and small agencies will be encouraged to
move most aggressively toward integrated commercial EC services using advanced technology.
Electronic Commerce for Buyers and Sellers Page 11
 REENGINEER ADDITIONAL BUYING AND PAYING FUNCTIONS
Strategic Position
Reengineer Key Functions of the Buying and Paying Process (e.g., strengthen market research
capabilities and facilitate more effective negotiations) by 2001.
EC can greatly enhance the government’s ability to simplify key functions of the acquisition cycle
for many different types of buys in different dollar ranges, even where "end-to-end" use of commercial
EC services is not yet possible or is otherwise impractical. For example, EC can be used to improve
market research; provide notice of contract opportunities; exchange data with vendors; and collect, use
and exchange data across functional offices within the government. Additional challenges remain
to implement end-to-end EC applications for new contracts over the micro-purchase
threshold.
The government’s current approach is to watch how the market is developing in these areas and adopt
best practices as they emerge. Beginning in fiscal year 1998 (FY 1998), the President’s
Management Council has begun to coordinate, on an interagency basis, reengineering efforts and EC
applications development for these functions of the buying and paying process. This will promote the
quicker development, for lower volume EC transactions, of applications that are modular in nature,
interoperable and replaceable without substantial investment loss.
Subsequent sections of this plan present the transaction market, the needs of stakeholders and
driving forces in the environment that will facilitate movement toward the strategic positions identified in
this document. The plan also identifies policy principles and building blocks of activities that need to be
accomplished to address these needs and driving forces in order to reach the strategic positions. The
principles should serve as investment decision-making criteria to help ensure that new EC-related projects
are pointed toward the strategic positions. Finally, a migration path lays out a general time table of event
milestones for the building block activities.
TRANSACTION MARKET

EC technologies can connect the government’s market
of procurement transactions with its market of related
finance transactions. To make a business case for these EC
technologies, the government must present its market in
segments to potential investors. Some market segments will
present a business case for end-to-end transaction processing
using EC. Others will attract investment into EC projects
that provide returns only for some parts of the buying and
paying process. The chart “Transaction Market and
Electronic Commerce Applications” illustrates how EC
applications can bring these market segments together.
Market of Procurement Transactions
Buying techniques form a basis for defining Federal buying and paying market segments.
Procurement transactions typically are conducted using one of four buying techniques, generally defined
by the size and frequency of the purchase, competition strategy and legal requirements. [1] For items
that cost under $2,500, purchases can be made from local sources offering a reasonably priced product or
service. [2] For individual purchases between $2,500 and $25,000, buyers must contact at least three
sources (i.e., obtain three quotes). [3] For high volume buys, rather than make individual purchases on
the open market, buyers may establish a single- or multiple-award indefinite-delivery, indefinite quantity
(IDIQ) contract (or a blanket purchase agreement (BPA) under a contract awarded by the General
Services Administration) to leverage buying power. Orders then may be made under these contracts
through simplified techniques that vary based on the size of the purchase and legal considerations. [4] For
individual purchases above $25,000, buyers must issue widespread notices of solicitation.
The nature of the purchase will shape further the buying technique. For purchases of products
under IDIQ contracts, a buyer may need only the seller’s electronic description and price/delivery terms
before placing an order. For services, though, buyers may need to develop (often with input from sellers)
statements of work before they can reach agreement with sellers on the contracted task and performance
requirements. For example, some pricing arrangements, e.g., fixed price or cost reimbursable, may be
easier than others to accommodate using EC.
Understanding differences in buying techniques is
critical to determining how EC can improve the
efficiency and effectiveness of the buying and paying
processes associated with those techniques. These
differences also can help technology and financial
service providers to determine what applications of
EC will likely hold the most promise within high
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